Skin Treatments
REVEAL SKIN ANALYSIS
The more your therapist knows about you and your skin, the greater the opportunity to provide you with specific treatment and product recommendations that can get you real results and improve your skin. The most effective way of achieving this, is with a Katrinas Skin Consultation using our Reveal Skin Imaging Machine.
This advanced technology allows us to get a close up look at what is happening on the surface of the skin and also what is happening under the skins surface that is not visible.
We can see pigmentation, sun damage, moisture levels, inflammation and other skin conditions.
What does a Katrinas Skin Consultation look like?
Step One: Your skin needs to be free of make-up. Your skin therapist will ask a series of questions about you, your skin and your lifestyle. This information helps us gather the information so we can develop a customised and suitable skin journey to achieve your skin goals.
Step Two: Your therapist will explain the reveal machine and the process. You will place your chin on the chin holder to ensure consistent placement and we take pictures at 3 different angles. Your eyes remain closed for the photos.
Two quick-succession photographs for each angle will be taken by your therapist. The first image is the normal, everyday skin appearance, and the second image is taken through a special crossed-polarizing filter. This filter helps reduce skin surface reflections and allows the Reveal imaging technology to “see beneath the skin’s outer surface.”
Step Three: Your images will be discussed with you by your skin therapist, and your skin journey will be designed. Your skin journey will include suggested skin treatments and the homecare needed to achieve your skin goals.
| PRICE | CLUB CARD | |
| Reveal Skin Consultation | 89 | 80.10 |
FAQS
What is the purpose of the Reveal Imaging Machine?
Reveal is a powerful piece of equipment which is used to help our clients and therapists get to see a close up of the skins appearance both on the surface and also what is happening beneath the surface.
We also use Reveal to take subsequent progression photos to measure the progress and improvements in your skin. This provides an extra level of assurance that results are being achieved or it allows us to make adjustments to treatment plans.
Why does Reveal take two photographs?
The first picture uses standard flash lighting and depicts how you look in normal everyday situations. A second picture is taken through crossed polarizing filters, which eliminates surface reflections from your skin. This enables Reveal to see beneath the skin’s surface.
What do the images show?
Standard: This image represents how the complexion typically looks in normal daylight. You can view visible features and coloration on the surface of the skin. The standard lighting image provides a good reference and future comparisons.
Cross Polarized: The crossed polarizing filter, eliminates surface reflections from the skin. This enables Reveal to see beneath the skin’s surface.
Brown: This image shows pigment on the surface and deeper within the skin such as hyperpigmentation, freckles and melasma. Brown Spots occur from an excess of melanin, often associated with sun damage. Melanin is produced by melanocytes in the bottom layer of the epidermis.
Red: This image shows a variety of vascular conditions, highlighting broken capillaries, inflammation, rosacea or spider veins. Blood vessels and haemoglobin contained in the papillary dermis, a sub-layer of skin, give these structures their red colour, which can be seen in this set of photos taken by the Reveal.
FACIALS
Hydrating Caviar Facial
Enjoy a relaxing, hydrating 50 minute facial that includes a double cleanse, exfoliation, mask, facial, neck and scalp massage. Finishing with boosters, creams and SPF all designed to suit your skin.
For advanced facial options, see Advanced Skin Treatments and Skin Peels.
Express Caviar Facial
Our 30 minute facial is tailored to anyone that is pressed for time, and needs a skin boost. Includes a double cleanse, exfoliation, mask, serums, cream and SPF.
For advanced facial options, see Advanced Skin Treatments and Skin Peels.
| FACIALS | PRICE | CLUB CARD |
| Express Caviar Facial | 129 | 116.10 |
| Traditional Caviar Facial | 169 | 152.10 |
| Add Extractions | from 39 | 26.10 |
LIRA CLINICAL PEELS
Our Skin Peels and Advanced Skin Treatments use a variety of different peel solutions to create excellent improvements to all skin type and a variety of different conditions. Lira peels contain a variety of active ingredients, such as Mandelic Acid, Lactic Acid, Salicylic Acid, Vitamin A, and they can also be combined in skin journeys to create fantastic personalised programs.
We recommend a customised Lira home care range combined with a course of treatments spaced fortnightly to achieve the best improvement in the skin, we call these Skin Journeys and we a renowned for the amazing results that we achieve.
Lira Clinical is a unique high end luxury cosmeceutical skincare range that allows our experienced Skin Therapists to create customised results driven, professional treatments tailored for your individual skin type and concerns.
The results we achieve with our peels and skin journeys are second to none and we love to combine fortnightly treatments with targeted home care products to ensure our clients get the results they are striving for.
Lira products are uniquely designed with advanced ingredients including plant stem cells, botanicals, probiotics, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, exfoliating acids and peptides to deliver products that can lighten, brighten and tighten all skin types.
In our salons we have experienced skin therapists and you can be assured that we will always do our very best to ensure your experiences with us meets your expectations.
Some Lira peels require you to prep the skin with the correct Lira homecare for at least 2 weeks prior to the treatment. In order to see best results, we recommend a series of treatments. Treatment results and outcomes may vary based on your situation and circumstances Lira clinical is not liable for any complications arising from use.
Vita Brite Refresh
This exclusive treatment contains an elite blend of ingredients to firm, tighten, brighten and hydrate the skin. Reduces the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles and calms an irritated rosacea skin
| PRICE | CLUB CARD |
| 169 | 152.10 |
Pumpkin Plus Definer
Renew and refresh a dull skin with this universal anti-aging treatment. Packed with antioxidants, plant stem cells, peptides and retinol, healing vitamins leaning the skin vibrant healthy and glowing.
| PRICE | CLUB CARD |
| 169 | 152.10 |
Lactic Clear Definer Correct
Clear and brighten the skin with this advanced Lactic acid peel. Designed to improve melasma, pigmentation, uneven skin tone and photo damage. A perfect peel for all global skin types.
| PRICE | CLUB CARD |
| 169 | 152.10 |
Hydroxy 30 Rebuilder
The most advance peel in the Lira range to specifically target skin conditions of Glycation, deep wrinkles, fine lines, even out skin texture whilst building a healthier skin.
| PRICE | CLUB CARD |
| 169 | 152.10 |
Sal Pulp Definer
Powered by Salicylic Acid, this tropically-infused pulp gives versatility to your peel that helps to manager and reduce congestion, acne, acne scaring and uneven skin tone.
| PRICE | CLUB CARD |
| 169 | 152.10 |
Green Power Rebuilder
This natural herbal exfoliator awakens the skin with a combination of unique ingredients. Green power will dramatically tighten the skin whilst diminishing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Reduces acnes lesion by up to 40% within 30 days and reduces acne scaring, manages unwanted pigmentation.
| PRICE | CLUB CARD |
| 169 | 152.10 |
Mineral Jessner Rebuilder
The Mineral Jessner contains a healing combination of plant stem cells, green tea extract and healing minerals. The Mineral Jessner corrects stubborn lines and wrinkles, lightens pigmentation, and reduces the appearance of acne scaring. This treatment can be used as a stand-alone or as a secondary booster to enhance the rest of the Lira peels.
| PRICE | CLUB CARD |
| 169 | 152.10 |
Mineral Retinol Solution
This cutting-edge retinol solution heals, restores and reveals beautiful skin. Infused with colloidal silver and gold advanced plant stem cells. This treatment can be used as a stand-alone or as a secondary booster to enhance the rest of the Lira peels.
| PRICE | CLUB CARD |
| 169 | 152.10 |
Retinol Solution Seal
This cutting-edge retinol solution heals, restores and reveals beautiful skin. Infused with colloidal silver and gold advanced plant stem cells. This treatment is used as a secondary booster (add on) to enhance the rest of the Lira peels.
| PRICE | CLUB CARD |
| 49 | 44.10 |
FAQs
What is a skin peel?
Skin peels help to efficiently eliminate dead skin cells and depending on the type of peel also assists to counteract excess lipids on the skin, unblock pores and activate the skin’s natural regeneration cycle.
Most skin peels are designed to dissolve the ‘glue’ that holds dead skin cells to the surface of the skin. It is this layer of dead cells which may give the complexion a rough, coarse, dull appearance with uneven colour tone. When these dead cells are removed, an underlying layer of fresh cells is exposed. This layer has a smoother texture and a more even skin colour.
What do I expect my skin to look like after a peel?
Different peels give different outcomes and each person’s skin can appear slightly different after a peel. After a Vitabrite many clients experience an immediate glowy dewy plump and hydrated appearance.
It is common after a peel for the skin to look a little flushed. Some people find their skin feels mildly wind burnt.
Some peels are designed to cause the skin to actually shed after a few days. Some peels create extensive shedding and others don’t create any.
Will there be any downtime?
This all depends on the type of peel and also if you are comfortable being out socially if your skin is shedding.
There should be no pain that causes downtime. Even with extensive peeling most clients are happy to go out in public and there is no downtime.
What does a skin peel feel like?
All peels are different however most peels create a warm to hot feeling sensation on the skin. As with anything, one person will say they hardly felt it and another person will say it felt really spicey.
Our skin therapists are there by your side to reassure you and talk you through it and explain what is happening.
How will peels improve my skin?
We have different Skin Peels which target different skin conditions such as acne, congestion, breakouts, pigmentation, fine lines and wrinkles, dry skin, redness and many others.
Why is homecare and regular treatments so important?
The skin is the largest organ of the body and it is made up of living cells that all work together performing different functions. One off peels can create a lovely superficial result, however to create a long term noticeable improvement in the skin to reverse premature sun damage and to address the cause of conditions such as acne, pigmentation and redness you need to create a total change in the skin environment. This takes time and it requires the regular use of the right targeted ingredients to create and maintain that change.
Suitable and regular peels performed fortnightly with an experienced Skin Therapist can create results that you may not even think are possible. Real change takes commitment and we have the knowledge, the products and the treatments to help get you there.
We have the hundreds of extremely happy skin clients who have seen phenomenal life changing results.
SKIN NEEDLING
Skin needling is also known as Collagen Induction Therapy (CIT) and is a treatment to improve skin texture, soften fine lines and wrinkles and we find this an effective salon treatment to soften the appearance of scars.
All skin types and areas such as the face, neck, décolletage and hands can be treated. Skin needling is performed with disposable surgical grade stainless steel micro needles ranging in depth. During the treatment it feels like more of a vibration and maybe a little scratchy it does not feel like a needle.
The treatment promotes the natural reproduction of collagen and elastin, and helps to make the skin feel smoother and tighter. The results are gradual as collagen reproduction takes time, most clients report a gradual improvement in their skin colour and texture over a 6-8 week period. Improvement is cumulative so consecutive treatments performed regularly get the best results.
| PRICE | CLUB CARD | PACKAGE OF 4 | |
| Face | 299 | 269.10 | 999 |
| Face, Neck & Dec | 475 | 427.50 | 1600 |
| Hands (add on) | 129 | 116.10 |
ADVANCED SKIN TREATMENTS
Lira Clinical is a luxury cosmeceutical skincare solution, bringing you a range of next level, results driven, professional treatments and designer peels that are supported with cutting edge homecare formulations. Lira products are uniquely designed with advanced ingredients including plant stem cells, botanicals, probiotics, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, exfoliating acids and peptides to deliver products that will brighten and tighten all skin types.
Lira Peel Cocktails
Cocktailing or layering a combination of suitable Lira treatments are customised to each client to get boosted results when needed. These advanced treatments require the skin to be adequately prepared with the necessary home care treatments and also conditioned with other treatments.
Advanced Lira Treatments
Cocktailing or layering a combination of suitable Lira treatments are customised to each client to get boosted results when needed. These advanced treatments require the skin to be adequately prepared with the necessary home care treatments and also conditioned with other treatments.
| PRICE | CLUB CARD | |
| Probitotic Power Plus | 218 | 196.20 |
| Beautifully Bright Cocktail | 250 | 225.00 |
| Medical Melasma | 299 | 269.10 |
| Layering of Peels from | 250 | 225.00 |
| Peel Cocktails from | 250 | 225.00 |
| Green Power Peels from | 250 | 225.00 |
NANOFUSION
The Nanofusion Facial is a luxurious treatment that combines relaxation with the visible results achieved with complete skin hydration.
The look and feel of the skins complexion is immediately enhanced with the infusion of customised cocktailed serums. You will absolutely love the hydrated, dewy and luminous glow that is NANOFUSION.
All Nanofusion Facials include a Hydrating and Plumping Eye and Lip Treatment.
| NANOFUSION TREATMENTS | PRICE | CLUB CARD |
|---|---|---|
| Nanofusion Facial (includes Hydrating & Plumping Eye & Lip Treatment) | 229 | 206.10 |
| Nanofusion Face, Neck & Decolletage Facial (includes Hydrating & Plumping Eye & Lip Treatment) | 279 | 251.10 |
| Nanofusion Neck & Decolletage Facial | 199 | 179 |
| Nanofusion Hydrating & Plumping Eye & Lip Treatment | 99 | 89.10 |
KATRINAS SIGNATURE NANO FACIAL
The Katrinas Signature Nano Treatment is a luxurious Multi-Modality facial that combines total relaxation of massage with a rejuvenating Vitabrite Peel and the Nanofusion delivery of customised serums to create total skin hydration.
The look and feel of the skins complexion is immediately enhanced and you will absolutely love the hydrated, dewy and luminous glow that is NANOFUSION in this Devine Signature Treatment.
| KATRINAS SIGNATURE NANOFUSION TREATMENTS | PRICE | CLUB CARD |
|---|---|---|
| Katrinas Signature Facial | 269 | 242.10 |
| Katrinas Signature Facial including Neck & Decolletage | 329 | 296.10 |
EPI-PLANING
Epi-planing is an effective, instant treatment to gently exfoliate dead skin cells with the added benefit of removing fine hair. This treatment leaves the skin looking brighter and smoother.
With zero downtime, treatments can be performed prior to, or in conjunction with other skin treatment programs.
| PRICE | CLUB CARD | |
| Face & Neck | 159 | 143.10 |
MICRODERMABRAISION
Microdermabrasion is an exfoliating procedure that involves the use of a fine, diamond tip to gently abrade the skin.
This leads to a smoother, more refined skin surface.
This treatment gives a smoother complexion and encourages cell turnover. Microdermabrasion stimulates blood and lymph circulation which improves the amount of nutrients and oxygen available for skin cells.
| PRICE | CLUB CARD | |
| Micro Face | 169 | 152.10 |
| Micro Face, Neck & Dec | 199 | 179.10 |
LASER GENESIS
Laser Genesis is a breakthrough laser treatment with no downtime that stimulates the skin’s natural processes to reverse the signs of aging and sun damage to promote a vibrant, healthy looking complexion. You will experience a gentle warming of your skin’s surface during the procedure. Clients often describe the treatment as relaxing and therapeutic.
| LASER GENESIS TREATMENTS | PRICE | CLUB CARD |
|---|---|---|
| Laser Skin Consultation | 0 | – |
| Laser Skin Consultation+ | 0 | – |
| Laser Genesis Full Face | 375.00 | 337.50 |
| Laser Genesis Hands | 150.00 | 135 |
| Laser Genesis 1/2 Face | 250.00 | 225 |
| Laser Genesis Face, Neck & Decolletage | 495.00 | 445.50 |
| 3 Full Face Package | 900 | – |
| 3 Face, Neck & Decolletage Package | 1650 | – |
GLOBAL LASER
Excel V+ Laser Machine is the fast and easy way to treat visible veins, discoloration and wrinkles. It is the most advanced aesthetic laser technology, combining two powerfully precise lasers to target and eliminate unwanted reds, browns, purples and blues on the face and body.
| GLOBAL LASER TREATMENTS | PRICE | CLUB CARD |
|---|---|---|
| Laser Global Leg Veins | POA | – |
| Laser Global Up To 4 Spots or Vessels | 100 | 90 |
| Laser Global Hands | 150 | 135 |
| Laser Global Cheeks & Nose | 250 | 225 |
| Laser Global Full Face | 350 | 315 |
| Acne Laser Treatment | 220 | 198 |
FAQ’s for Cutera Excel V+ Laser for Genesis and Global
WHAT IS EXCEL V+?
excel V+ is the fast and easy way to treat visible veins, discoloration and wrinkles. It is the most advanced aesthetic laser technology, combining two powerfully precise lasers to target and eliminate unwanted reds, browns, purples and blues on the face and body.
WHAT DOES EXCEL V+ TREAT?
excel V+ treats more than twenty unique aesthetic and dermatologic skin concerns. The most common excel V+ treatments include rosacea, facial and leg veins, age/brown spots, and acne scars.
HOW DOES EXCEL V+ WORK?
Your therapist will select one of excel V+’s two lasers and customise the treatment settings to target the colour and depth of your skin concern. Most treatments are finished in just a few minutes, and results are typically seen after a series of 1-3 treatment sessions.
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF EXCEL V+?
excel V+ delivers clinically proven results on a wide range of skin concerns. The treatments are comfortable and fast, with most treatments performed in under 10 minutes. Depending on the area(s) and concerns being treated, some procedures may take up to 30 minutes.
HOW MANY TREATMENTS ARE REQUIRED?
With excel V+, most skin concerns require only one to two treatment sessions to achieve results. However, the number of treatments will vary based on your condition. Your excel V+ therapist will discuss a customised treatment plan during your consultation.
IS THE TREATMENT PAINFUL?
excel V+ treatments can feel similar to a quick rubber band snap against skin. Depending on the procedure, a cooled treatment tip will be in contact with the skin to protect and provide additional comfort to the area.
ARE THERE ANY SIDE EFFECTS? WHAT ABOUT DOWNTIME?
Typically, you can wear make-up and return to normal activities immediately. Redness and/or swelling can be expected following treatment. For full face treatments, swelling will peak 24 to 48 hours post treatment and usually resolves within a few days. Treated brown spots will darken following the treatment and slough off within 3 to 5 days.
IPL SKIN REJUVENATION
Intense Pulsed Light also known as SHR IPL Skin Rejuvenation uses the power of light to reverse the visible signs of ageing. You can reduce or, in some instances, even remove unwanted blemishes like pigmentation, broken capillaries, sun damage, age spots and redness.
| PRICE | CLUB CARD | PACKAGE OF 6 | |
| Face | 159 | 143.10 | 795 |
| Face, Neck & Décolletage | 239 | 215.10 | 1434 |
| Hands | 109 | 98.10 | 545 |
What are the benefits of SHR IPL Skin Rejuvenation?
- Firmer more plump skin
- Reduces pore size, oily skin and breakouts
- Youthful looking skin
- Improves Rosacea (redness) symptoms
- Reduces redness and visible blood vessels
- Reduction/removal of freckles & pigmented lesions
What can SHR IPL Skin Rejuvenation treat?
- Sun spots, freckles, age spots and general pigmentation
- Sun damage
- Acne breakouts
- Uneven skin tone
- Reduce redness, red scarring, rosacea
- Stretch marks
- Enlarged pores
- Skin firmness
- Spider veins, capillaries, red spots
Who can’t have SHR IPL Skin Rejuvenation?
- Very dark skin
- Fake tan or sun burned skin
- Contagious skin diseases or disorders
- Herpes 1 or 2 (on treatment areas)
- Visible skin trauma
- Seizures caused by flashing light or Epilepsy
- Pregnancy & breast feeding
- Tattoo’s, permanent make up or implants on the treatment area
- Roaccutane (last 6 months)
- Severe eczema or dermatitis (on treatment area)
- Photo sensitising medication
SHR IPL Skin Rejuvenation Treatment Benefits
- 70-90% reduction of pigmentation is expected.
- We strongly recommend Lira Clinical skin care and strict sun care protection to maintain results.
- Best visible results are shown up to 3 weeks after your last treatment
- Pigmented lesions generally require multiple treatments
- Redness or vascular lesions generally require more regular treatments to see best results
IPL Skin Rejuvenaton treatments will also speed up the production of collagen which leaves the skin firmer, smoother and even looks clearer after a course of treatments
What to do leading up to your appointment?
- Use SPF daily
- No fake tan 1-2 weeks prior to your treatment
- No sun exposure 4 weeks prior to your treatment
- If dark hair is present, please shave the area prior to your treatment
- Take anti viral medication if you have had recent herpes close to the area
CS CLEAR SKIN LESION REMOVAL
The CSClear Skin Lesion Removal Machine treats common skin lesions quickly and effectively in a non-invasive way, without penetrating below the skins surface.
The CSClear Skin Lesion Removal Machine combines Radio Frequency and High Frequency technologies to target the fluid in the lesion which causes them to dry out. It also coagulates the vascular supply causing the lesion to be safely removed with minimal disruption to the surrounding healthy skin.
Most clients would describe the discomfort level as being tolerable with the hot sensation being felt on the skins surface. Sensitive skins, thin skins, and aging skins can also be treated.
The duration and cost of the session will be dependent on the number of lesions that require removal. Some lesions may require multiple treatments
This treatment is available at our Burpengary and Taigum Salons.
Free, no obligation Consultation
| PRICE | CLUB CARD | |
| 1 Lesion Removal | 149 | 134.10 |
| 15 minute Lesion Removal | 269 | 242.10 |
| 30 minute Lesion Removal | 459 | 413.10 |
- CSClear Lesion Removal Benefits
- Immediate results
- Rapid treatment time (3-5 seconds)
- Non-invasive
- Effectively treats a wide variety of common minor skin conditions
- Minimum discomfort
- No anesthesia required
- Effective use on all skin types, from dark to light skins
- Suitable for sensitive skin, thinner skins, and aging skins
FAQ’s
I have sensitive skin, can I have this treatment?
Our CSClear Skin Lesion Removal Machine is safe and effective use on all skin types, from dark to light skins. It is suitable for sensitive skin, thinner skins, and aging skins.
Is there any downtime?
It uses heat and radio frequency to help lift off the build up of skin, it is non-invasive with no downtime. Unwanted lesions are quickly and easily removed, larger areas and multiple lesions can be removed in 15 or 30 minute sessions.
Does it hurt?
The discomfort level experienced by the client is tolerable, with the sensation produced feeling much like a tight pinch to the skin. Sensitive skins, thin skins, and aging skins can also be comfortably treated and intensity settings can adjust easily.
What are Seborrheic Keratosis?
This type of Keratosis usually appears as a brown/ black/ tan coloured growth, commonly found on the face, chest and shoulders.
The growth has a waxy, scaly, slightly raised appearance and commonly increase with age.
What is Milia?
Often called milk spots, Milia are small bumps that occur when keratin becomes trapped under the skin. They appear white in colour and are located superficially under the skin, usually around the eyes and cheeks.
They are easily extracted with our amazing CSClear Lesion Removal machine.
It uses heat and radio frequency to help lift off and remove the build up of skin, it is non-invasive with no downtime. Unwanted lesions are quickly and easily removed.
Other lesions that can be removed are moles, skin tags, seborrheic keratosis and cherry angiomas.
What are Cherry Angiomas?
Cherry Angiomas appear as bright red to purple dots, they can vary in size from a tiny pinpoint to larger lesions. A Cherry Angioma can appear as a flat lesion or over time become raised, they are generally harmless but can be aesthetically displeasing to many people.
We love our CSClear Lesion Removal machine.
They are easily removed with no downtime using heat and radio frequency to help close the lesion, it is non-invasive, fast and very effective.
Other lesions that can be removed are moles, skin tags, seborrheic keratosis and milia.
DIATHERMY
Diathermy is a safe and effective procedure performed to treat skin problems such as skin tags, spider veins, dilated and broken capillaries, red spots, milia, and more. It involves the use of a high-frequency current to produce heat to cauterize specific areas of concern, such as skin tags, spider veins or broken capillaries.
| PRICE | CLUB CARD | |
| 30mins | 99 | 89.10 |
FAQs
How does diathermy work?
Heat is delivered through a very fine probe directly onto the area of concern. This breaks down the skin tissue effectively and immediately removes skin tags, milia or cauterizes blood flow to broken capillaries.
How long does it take to Heal?
Diathermy can create the immediate removal of things such as skin tages and leave a blemish-free, smooth skin, instantaneously. It is a bloodless procedure and does not require any stitches. The area treated will take about 7-10 days to be fully healed.
How does the skin look after treatment?
Following a diathermy treatment, some lesions will immediately disappear whilst others will appear to turn white or grey, with the surrounding skin appearing pink. Mild swelling and redness may result and this will resolve in a few hours. In the next few days after the treatment that lesions can darken or appear to become dry or scab-like. This skin should not be picked during the healing phase. The affected tissue generally forms a crust and will slough off whilst showering or fall off after 7-10 days.
How does the skin look after treatment once healed?
If all aftercare instructions are followed, the treated area once healed should look completely untouched and clear of any blemishes. The risk of scarring or post-inflammatory pigmentation when performing a Diathermy Treatment is unlikely. Any picking or scratching at the healing skin must be avoided.
